(a) explanation of the water solubility of carboxylic acids in terms of hydrogen bonding

(b) reactions in aqueous conditions of carboxylic acids with metals and bases (including carbonates, metal oxides and alkalis)

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Esters
(c) esterification of:

(i) carboxylic acids with alcohols in the presence of an acid catalyst (e.g. concentrated H2SO4)
(ii) acid anhydrides with alcohols

(d) hydrolysis of esters:

(i) in hot aqueous acid to form carboxylic acids and alcohols
(ii) in hot aqueous alkali to form carboxylate salts and alcohols