Substitution reactions of haloalkanes
(a) hydrolysis of haloalkanes in a substitution reaction:
(i) by aqueous alkali
(ii) by water in the presence of AgNO3 and ethanol to compare experimentally the rates of hydrolysis of different carbon–halogen bonds
(b) definition and use of the term nucleophile (an electron pair donor)
(c) the mechanism of nucleophilic substitution in the hydrolysis of primary haloalkanes with aqueous alkali
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(d) explanation of the trend in the rates of hydrolysis of primary haloalkanes in terms of the bond enthalpies of carbon–halogen bonds (C–F, C–Cl, C–Br and C–I)
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Environmental concerns from use of organohalogen compounds
(e) production of halogen radicals by the action of ultraviolet (UV) radiation on CFCs in the upper atmosphere and the resulting catalysed
breakdown of the Earth’s protective ozone layer, including equations to represent:
(i) the production of halogen radicals
(ii) the catalysed breakdown of ozone by Cl • and other radicals e.g. •NO.
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