The mole
(a) explanation and use of the terms:
(i) amount of substance
(ii) mole (symbol ‘mol’), as the unit for amount of substance
(iii) ) the Avogadro constant, NA (the number of particles per mole, 6.02 × 1023 mol-1)
(iv) molar mass (mass per mole, units g mol–1),
(v) ) molar gas volume (gas volume per mole, units dm3 mol–1)
Determination of formulae
(b) use of the terms:
(i) empirical formula (the simplest whole number ratio of atoms of each element present in a compound)
(ii) molecular formula (the number and type of atoms of each element in a molecule)
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(c) calculations of empirical and molecular formulae, from composition by mass or percentage compositions by mass and relative molecular mass
(d) the terms anhydrous, hydrated and water of crystallisation and calculation of the formula of a hydrated salt from given percentage composition, mass composition or based on experimental results
Calculation of reacting masses, gas volumes and mole concentrations
(e) calculations, using amount of substance in mol, involving:
(i) mass
(ii) gas volume
(iii) solution volume and concentration
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(f) the ideal gas equation: pV = nRT
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(g) use of stoichiometric relationships in calculations
Percentage yields and atom economy
(h) calculations to determine:
(i) the percentage yield of a reaction or related quantities
(ii) the atom economy of a reaction
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(i) the techniques and procedures required during experiments requiring the measurement of mass, volumes of solutions and gas volumes
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(j) the benefits for sustainability of developing chemical processes with a high atom economy